\pagebreak
\chapter{\code{declare} \code{target} Construct}
\label{chap:declare_target}

\section{\code{declare} \code{target} and \code{end} \code{declare} \code{target} for a Function}

The following example shows how the \code{declare} \code{target} directive 
is used to indicate that the corresponding call inside a \code{target} region 
is to a \code{fib} function that can execute on the default target device.

A version of the function is also available on the host device. When the \code{if} 
clause conditional expression on the \code{target} construct evaluates to \plc{false}, 
the \code{target} region (thus \code{fib}) will execute on the host device.

For C/C++ codes the declaration of the function \code{fib} appears between the \code{declare} 
\code{target} and \code{end} \code{declare} \code{target} directives.

\cexample{declare_target}{1c}

The Fortran \code{fib} subroutine contains a \code{declare} \code{target} declaration 
to indicate to the compiler to create an device executable version of the procedure. 
The subroutine name has not been included on the \code{declare} \code{target} 
directive and is, therefore, implicitly assumed.

The program uses the \code{module\_fib} module, which presents an explicit interface to 
the compiler with the \code{declare} \code{target} declarations for processing 
the \code{fib} call.

\fexample{declare_target}{1f}

The next Fortran example shows the use of an external subroutine. Without an explicit 
interface (through module use or an interface block) the \code{declare} \code{target} 
declarations within a external subroutine are unknown to the main program unit; 
therefore, a \code{declare} \code{target} must be provided within the program 
scope for the compiler to determine that a target binary should be available.

\fexample{declare_target}{2f}

\section{\code{declare} \code{target} Construct for Class Type}

The following example shows how the \code{declare} \code{target} and \code{end} 
\code{declare} \code{target} directives are used to enclose the declaration 
of a variable \plc{varY} with a class type \code{typeY}. The member function \code{typeY::foo()} cannot 
be accessed on a target device because its declaration did not appear between \code{declare} 
\code{target} and \code{end} \code{declare} \code{target} directives.

\cexample{declare_target}{2c}

\section{\code{declare} \code{target} and \code{end} \code{declare} \code{target} for Variables}

The following examples show how the \code{declare} \code{target} and \code{end} 
\code{declare} \code{target} directives are used to indicate that global variables 
are mapped to the implicit device data environment of each target device.

In the following example, the declarations of the variables \plc{p}, \plc{v1}, and \plc{v2} appear 
between \code{declare} \code{target} and \code{end} \code{declare} \code{target} 
directives indicating that the variables are mapped to the implicit device data 
environment of each target device. The \code{target} \code{update} directive 
is then used to manage the consistency of the variables \plc{p}, \plc{v1}, and \plc{v2} between the 
data environment of the encountering host device task and the implicit device data 
environment of the default target device.

\cexample{declare_target}{3c}

The Fortran version of the above C code uses a different syntax. Fortran modules 
use a list syntax on the \code{declare} \code{target} directive to declare 
mapped variables.

\fexample{declare_target}{3f}

The following example also indicates that the function \code{Pfun()} is available on the 
target device, as well as the variable \plc{Q}, which is mapped to the implicit device 
data environment of each target device. The \code{target} \code{update} directive 
is then used to manage the consistency of the variable \plc{Q} between the data environment 
of the encountering host device task and the implicit device data environment of 
the default target device.

In the following example, the function and variable declarations appear between 
the \code{declare} \code{target} and \code{end} \code{declare} \code{target} 
directives.

\cexample{declare_target}{4c}

The Fortran version of the above C code uses a different syntax. In Fortran modules 
a list syntax on the \code{declare} \code{target} directive is used to declare 
mapped variables and procedures. The \plc{N} and \plc{Q} variables are declared as a comma 
separated list. When the \code{declare} \code{target} directive is used to 
declare just the procedure, the procedure name need not be listed -- it is implicitly 
assumed, as illustrated in the \code{Pfun()} function.

\fexample{declare_target}{4f}

\section{\code{declare} \code{target} and \code{end} \code{declare} \code{target} with \code{declare} \code{simd}}

The following example shows how the \code{declare} \code{target} and \code{end} 
\code{declare} \code{target} directives are used to indicate that a function 
is available on a target device. The \code{declare} \code{simd} directive indicates 
that there is a SIMD version of the function \code{P()} that is available on the target 
device as well as one that is available on the host device.

\cexample{declare_target}{5c}

The Fortran version of the above C code uses a different syntax. Fortran modules 
use a list syntax of the \code{declare} \code{target} declaration for the mapping. 
Here the \plc{N} and \plc{Q} variables are declared in the list form as a comma separated list. 
The function declaration does not use a list and implicitly assumes the function 
name. In this Fortran example row and column indices are reversed relative to the 
C/C++ example, as is usual for codes optimized for memory access.

\fexample{declare_target}{5f}